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		<title>Johaness Vermeer &#8211; Girl with the Wine Glass</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/johaness-vermeer-girl-with-the-wine-glass/</link>
		<comments>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/johaness-vermeer-girl-with-the-wine-glass/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 May 2011 20:34:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GirlwiththeWineGlass]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Painting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vermeer]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[In the following lines you can find the presentation I did on Vermeer&#8217;s &#8216;The Girl with the Wine Glass&#8217;.  First I will show you the technical details and then I will try to reconstruct the essence of this particular painting. Title: The Girl with the Wine Glass   By: Jan Vermeer (1632 &#8211; 1675) Year: 1659 [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=145&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the following lines you can find the presentation I did on Vermeer&#8217;s &#8216;The Girl with the Wine Glass&#8217;.  First I will show you the technical details and then I will try to reconstruct the essence of this particular painting.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Title: The Girl with the Wine Glass  <a href="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vermeer20the20girl20with20a20wine20glass.jpg"><img class="alignright" title="The Girl with the Wine Glass" src="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vermeer20the20girl20with20a20wine20glass.jpg?w=289&#038;h=315" alt="" width="289" height="315" /></a><br />
By: Jan Vermeer (1632 &#8211; 1675)<br />
Year: 1659</strong></li>
<li><strong>Original Size: 66 x 77 cm<br />
Medium: Oil on Canvas<br />
Location: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, </strong><strong>Brunswick</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>Germany</strong><strong>  </strong></li>
<li><strong>Signature: Inscribed lower right window pane: IVMeer</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Vermeer&#8217;s paintings belong to a genre of domestic scenes in mid 17th-century inHolland. Many of these scenes focus on relationships and man&#8217;s inability to resist his sexual appetite particularly under the influence of wine and tobacco. And briefly speaking, that is the story of this painting. Here we can see a scene of seduction where an elegant young man encourages a young woman to enjoy a glass of wine. However, the smile on her face as she turns to the viewer indicates that he, rather than she, is the one being seduced.</p>
<p>Now, let’s focus on some details. One of the most remarkable features is the portrait that Vermeer includes since this was the only time when Vermeer drew a picture-within-a-picture in one of his works. According to Vermeer expert Arthur Wheelock, the rigid pose and the elegant clothes of the man in the portrait as well as the careful placing of the upright portrait between the two male figures focus on the artist&#8217;s concerns for the lack of <strong>moral constraint</strong> in contemporary life.</p>
<p> Another important feature of the painting is this coloured stained-glass window. In this zoomed picture we can see how Vermeer portrays a lady in the glass window. The female figure holding bridle is said to personify Temperance. The <strong>bridle</strong> would symbolize emotional control. Thus, again it is very probable that, together with the portrait on wall, this window may represent <strong>moderation </strong>due to the protagonists&#8217; lack of self restraint.</p>
<p> The young woman&#8217;s expressive face is not typical in Vermeer; he usually hides the emotions of the characters. One  early Vermeer expert has suspected that her staring eyes and awkward smile were the result of <strong>overpainting</strong>. In any case, the woman, rather than exchanging glances with her suitor, turns towards the viewer, separating herself from him. Arthur Wheelock believes that the woman&#8217;s smiling is a knowing one, indicating not only that she is aware of the situation, but also that she is in control. Thus, it is he rather than she the one that is being seduced.<a href="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/glass_faceb.jpg"><img class="alignright" title="Woman's expression" src="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/glass_faceb.jpg?w=110&#038;h=148" alt="" width="110" height="148" /></a></p>
<p>Although Vermeer&#8217;s paintings are primarily known for its lemon yellow and deep blue colour harmony, in this case the artist experimented with strong reds in his early days as a painter. In this way we can see <strong>erotic overtones</strong> such as red and yellow in the woman’s dress that may actually suggest <strong>desire</strong>. The fiery red of this dress may denote the hidden passions of the young woman who seems to be accepting the advances of the gentleman.</p>
<p> The suitor<a href="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/glass_man_detail.jpg"><img class="alignleft" title="1st suitor" src="http://vermeer0708.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/glass_man_detail.jpg?w=118&#038;h=176" alt="" width="118" height="176" /></a> in the foreground carefully accompanies the woman&#8217;s hand which holds the wineglass in a delicate way. His intentions have been interpreted in a number of ways by Vermeer specialists, stating that he is a <strong>comic man, a seducer or the seduced</strong>. The truth is that his posture and expression is so formalized that he fails to unlock the precise narrative meaning of the painting.</p>
<p> Among all Vermeer’s paintings, it is the only painting other than the Concert to include three figures, but where the Concert shows two women and a man making music together, in this painting the third figure is apart from the couple in the background <strong>resting his head on his hand in a melancholy attitude</strong>. The obvious explanation is that, as his pose suggests, he is a suitor for the young woman too but he has been <strong>rejected</strong>. It is therefore understandable that his position is <strong>uncomfortable</strong> since he clearly does not fit in this situation.</p>
<p>Finally, it is important to point out that the two lemons, pipe, silver plate, wine and the sheet of paper possibly containing tobacco may be seen as a connotation of <strong>luxury, consumption and seduction. </strong>In many scenes of ritual courtship lemons are commonly set along side oysters served up on a silver plate and although we cannot clearly see oysters in this plate they may be. Moreover, lemons were also used to sweeten and soften the wine, in this respect once more they serve symbolically to indicate the importance of <strong>moderating one&#8217;s behaviour</strong>.</p>
<p>References:</p>
<ul>
<li>Googlebooks. <em>Vermeer and the Invention of Seeing </em>by Bryan Jay Wolf. Retrieved on April 25, 2011 from <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=TZgSLFesAZwC&amp;pg=PA123&amp;dq=Vermeer+The+girl+with+a+wine+glass&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=LVG4TYzzAs7A8QOUr7E4&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Vermeer%20The%20girl%20with%20a%20wine%20glass&amp;f=false">http://books.google.es/books?id=TZgSLFesAZwC&amp;pg=PA123&amp;dq=Vermeer+The+girl+with+a+wine+glass&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=LVG4TYzzAs7A8QOUr7E4&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Vermeer%20The%20girl%20with%20a%20wine%20glass&amp;f=false</a></li>
<li>EssentialVermeer. <em>The Girl with the Wine Glass</em> by Johannes Vermeer. Retieved on April 25, 2011 from <a href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/girl_with_a_wine_glass.html">http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/girl_with_a_wine_glass.html</a></li>
</ul>
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			<media:title type="html">Literatura Europarra XVIII,XIX eta XX. mendeetan</media:title>
		</media:content>

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			<media:title type="html">The Girl with the Wine Glass</media:title>
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			<media:title type="html">Woman's expression</media:title>
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			<media:title type="html">1st suitor</media:title>
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	</item>
		<item>
		<title>&#8221; Las desventuras del joven Werther &#8221; eta &#8221; Noches Lugubres &#8221; parez pare.</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2009/01/10/proiektua/</link>
		<comments>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2009/01/10/proiektua/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2009 14:06:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Lehenik eta behin esan beharra daukagu, lan honen informazio nagusia Cervantes Virtual web gunetik hartu dugula eta  iturri horri eusten diogula geure proiektu hau aurrera eramateko eta garatzeko. Lan horretan, Joaquín Juan Penalva eta Marisa Payá Lledó &#8211; artikuluaren idazleek &#8211; &#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; eta &#8220;Noches lúgubres&#8221; parekatu egiten dituzte. Gure proiektuan, artikuluaren ideia nagusiak [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=80&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lehenik eta behin esan beharra daukagu, lan honen informazio nagusia Cervantes Virtual web gunetik hartu dugula eta  iturri horri eusten diogula geure proiektu hau aurrera eramateko eta garatzeko. Lan horretan, Joaquín Juan Penalva eta Marisa Payá Lledó &#8211; artikuluaren idazleek &#8211; &#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; eta &#8220;Noches lúgubr<em>es&#8221;</em> parekatu egiten dituzte. Gure proiektuan, artikuluaren ideia nagusiak behin aukeratuta, geure lana garatu dugu eta forma eman diogu era argiago eta sailkatu batean. Era berean, bi testuetako laburpenak eta balorazioak guk geuk gehitu ditugu. Jatorrizko lana gaztelaniaz idatzita egon arren geure proiektua euskaraz aurki daiteke.</p>
<p>Lehen ikusian, hautatutako bi lanen arteko erkaketa nahiko gogorra iruditu daiteke askoren ustez; baina aurreiritzi beharrean lana irakurtzea eta gozatzea gomendatzen dizuegu. Lana Batxilergoko ikasleei zuzenduta dago, beraz, erabilitako euskara maila nahiko jasoa da eta horregatik bukaeran hiztegi bat gehitu dugu irakurmena errazteko xedearekin. Helburua zera da: guztiz desberdinak iruditu daitekeen bi nobela parez pare jartzea eta bien arteko antzekotasunak identifikatzea eta adieraztea, beraz, helburua didaktikoa da guztiz.</p>
<p>Literaturan eta zineman, beti aurkitu izan ditugu antzeko lanak, batik bat gaia, amodioak sortzen duen minari buruz baldin bada. Joaquín Juan Penalvak eta Marisa Payá Lledók aztertu duten moduan, antzekotasun eztuak aurkitzen dira hurrengo bi lan hauetan: <img class="alignright" title="Las desventuras del joven Werther" src="http://hs-057.dedicated.hostalia.com/~admin46/n_administrador/img_t/7173024-las-desventuras-del-joven-werther-ii_goethe.jpg" alt="" width="161" height="200" />“Las desventuras del joven Werther” eta “Noches lúgubres”. Las desventuras del joven Werther’ 1774. urtean argitaratutako nobela epistolarra dugu, Wolfgan von Goethe Alemaniaren nobela erdi-autobiografikoa aditu askoren ustez. &#8220;Noches lúgubres&#8221; berriz, Jose Caldasok idatziriko nobela bitxia eta misteriotsua, 1789. urtean argitara eman zen. Bi nobela hauen arteko parekatzea bortitza izan liteke askoren ustez, baina XVIII. mendean Espainian idatziriko nobela honen eta Alemaniako erromantizismo eredu bikainaren arteko erkaketa nahiko deigarria da.</p>
<p>Aitortu dezakegu, agerikoak direla bien arteko aldeak giroa, genero literarioa eta testuinguru kulturalari dagokionez. Dena dela, biek ukaezinezko lotura dute aman komunean: heroiaren irudia. Artikulu honetan bi aparteko nobela hauek komunean dituzten gauza guztiak aztertuko ditugu azterpen sakona eta fidagarria zertzeko asmotan.</p>
<p>Istorioen antzekotasunetan sartu aurretik, testuaz kanpo geratzen diren hainbat kointzidentziaz jabetu gara. Ohartzen garen lehenengo gauzaz zera da: biak bat egiten dute denboran, hau da publikazio data oso gertu dago bata bestearekiko. Lanek inguratzen duten testuinguru komun bat nabarmentzen da.</p>
<p>Biak gutxi gora behera data berean idatziak izan ziren: Noches Lugubres 1771an idatzi zen eta garai horretan eskuidazkian aurki dezakegu. Halaber, 1789an argitaratu zen Cadalsoren lana baina bere eskuidazkiak beste autore batzuengan eragina izan zuen zegoeneko. Las desventuras del joven Werther 1774an argia ikusi zuen. Beraz urte gutxi batzuk banantzen dute lan bat bestearengandik. Ezinbestekoa da aipatzea, garai horretan Europan eta Espainian egoera ezberdina zela. Europan, Erromantizismoari hasiera ematen ari zitzaion, industri iraultza ingelesari eta iraultza frantsesari esker, baina Espainiara zertxobait beranduago helduko zen, XIX. mendean. Horrexegatik esan daiteke Cadalso idazle berritzaile bat zela eta hau bere hezkuntzagatik gertatu zen. Cadalsoren formazioa europarra zen guztiz, ingelesa eta frantsesa batez ere eta horregatik da bere lana hain berria eta erromantikoa. Hala, esan dezakegu, Noches Lúgubres, XVIII. urteko literatura ingelesari loturik dagoela baina era berean Espainiako tradizioetan oinarria duela. Lan makabroa da guztiz. Cadalsok, Espainiako Erromantizismoari hasiera eman zion horietako bat izan zen eta bere lanarekin XIX. mendeari argia eman zion. Beraz, lan biek influentzia erromantikoa izan zuten.<img class="alignright" title="Noches Lúgubres" src="http://tienda.dreamers.com/imagenes/202957.jpg" alt="" width="176" height="292" /></p>
<p>Bigarrenik, gaiaz kanpo dagoen beste ezaugarri batzuk aurkitu izan ditugu; autoreen inspirazioaren antzekotasunak, hain zuzen ere. Bai Werther, bai Noches Lugubres, tragedia batean inspiratuta egon omen ziren. José Cadalsok bere lanari bizia eman zion, pertsona bat hil egin zenean, Mª Ignacia Ibáñez, alegia. Cadalso Mª Ignacia Ibáñez-ekin maitemindu zen. Emakume hau aktorea zen eta Doña Alvaren papera burutu zuen Caldalsoen “Don Sancho Garcia” lanean. Mª Ignacia hil zenean 1771ko 21an, Cadalsok idazteari ekin zion. Susmo txarrek esaten zuten Tediato eta emakume hilaren istorioa, Cadalsoren istorio erreala zela, eta ez bakarrik inspirazio iturri bezala balio zuen zerbait.</p>
<p>1770an Goethek, bere aldetik, ezagun baten suizidioan ere inspiratu egin zen. Beraz, heriotza oso hurbil sentitu zuten biek eta berriro ere, ezaugarri makabro hau, ezaugarri erromantikotzat har dezakegu. Goethek gainera beste inspirazio iturri izan zituen. Goethek berak aitortu zuen berak bizitako gaztaro aldiko sufrimenduak ere iradoki ziotela. Goethek, ikasten amaitu ondoren &#8220;Kamara Inperialean&#8221; lana aurkitu zuen Wetzlarren. Bertan, bera eta Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem lagunak egin ziren. 1772ko ekainaren 2an, biak dantzaldi batera joan egin ziren eta Goethek neska bat ezagutu zuen eta beretaz maitemindu egin zen, Charlotte Buffez alegia. Tamalez, Charlotte Johann Christian Kestneren emaztegaia zen. Denboraldi bat eman zuten flirteoan baina beraien harremana ez zen inoiz heldu. Charlottek oso argi esan zizkion gauzak Goetheri, inoiz ez zela ezer gertatuko esan zion. Irailaren 11an Goethek agurtu barik alde egin zuen. Istorio honetako eta nobelaren arteko parekatzea begi-bistakoak dira eta jendeak Cadalsoren kasuan bezala komentatzen zuen autorea eta Werther pertsona bera zirela. Antzekotasunak ez dira txikiak: Charlotte ofizial baten alaba zen eta neba mordo ugari zituen. Data batzuk bat egiten dute: Goethek eta Wertherrek, beren maitalea Irailaren 10an lagatu zuten biek. Autore eta protagonistaren urtebetetzea ospatzen dute biek egun berean, Abuztuaren 28an. Jerusalem ere bere buruaz beste egin zuen Wertherrek egin zuen bezala utzitako pistola batekin eta honen arrazoia, maitasun istorio batengatik izan zen. Hala ere, Goethe geroxeago bere maitasunezko gorabeherak plazaratzean damutu egin zen zeren Werther lanarekin oso sailkatuta geratu zen eta idatzitako gainerako lanak ez zituzten irakurtzen.</p>
<p>Bestalde, beste idazle batzuk Wertherren lanean ere inspiratu ziren, hala nola, Napoleón Bonaparte. Berak, Werther Europako lan garrantzitsuenetarikoa zela aitortu zuen eta bakarrizketa bat idatzi zuen Goetheren estiloarekin. Garaian, Werther nobelarekin, “Werther-Fieber” edo Wertherrenganako sukarra fenomenoa gertatu egin zen. Gazteak Wertherren antzera janzten hasi ziren. Autoritateak egoera honekin larritu egin ziren nobelaren amaiera zela eta. Nicolai Friedrich idazlea nobelarentzako amaiera alternatibo bat idaztea erabaki zuen: “<em>Die Freuden des jungen Werther”</em> (Wertherren poztasunak). Halaber, Goethek ez zuen moldaketa hau onartu era bizitza osorako areriotasun literario bati hasiera eman zioten Goethe eta Nicolai. Orduan Goethek <em>Nicolai auf Werthers Grabe</em> izeneko poema idatzi zuen eta poema horretan Nicolaik Wertherren hilobian kaka egiten zuen.</p>
<p>Testura jo egingo dugu orain. Noches Lúgubres lanean ez dugu pertsonaia asko aurkitzen. Protagonista Tediato dugu. Bera sufritzen ari da bere emakumea hil egin delako eta horrela erabaki lazgarri bat hartzera abiatuko da: Ezagutzen duen lurperatzaile baten laguntzarekin, Lorenzorekin, adosten du lehenengo gauean gauzatu nahi duena. Lorenzok bizi den premiagatik eta bera ere zorigaiztoko pertsona denez, onartzen du Tediatoren dirua. Tediatok maitatzen duen emakumea lurpetik atera nahi du bere etxera eroateko eta bertan sua eman nahi dio biak batera hil egiteko. Tamalez, ezin dute euren plana bete zeren egunsentia heltzen da eta bigarren gauerako uzten dute euren eginkizuna. Bigarren gauean, oker-ulertze batengatik kartzelan amaitzen du Tediatok, baina bere inozentzia probatzen denean berriro askatzen dute. Orduan Tediato kanposantura abiatzen da baina ume bat aurkitzen du, Lorenzoren semea alegia; berarekin bere etxera doa eta Lorenzorekin hurrengo egunerako elkarrekin berriro topatuko direla adosten dute. Azkeneko gauean, aurkitzen dira baina ez dakigu ziurtasunez Tediatoren eginkizuna burutzen duten ala ez, bertan bukatzen baita testua, bukaera zabalarekin.</p>
<p>&#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; nobela epistolar honetan Werteherrek, izaera sentiberatsu eta sutsudun artista gazteak, bere lagun Wilhem-i bidalitako karta multzo moduan idatzia da. Gutunetan Wertherrek, Carlota izeneko neska batez maitemindu dela kontatzen dio. Zoritxarrez, Carlotak hamaika urte zaharragoa den Alberto izeneko gizonarekin ezkon-hitza emanda du. Barneko suminak herritik alde eginarazten dio. Werther herrira itzultzen da hilabete batzuk pasa ostean eta inoiz ez bezalako sufrimendua pairatzen du Carlota eta Alberto ezkondu direla ikustean. Werther gertaera honetaz jabetzean, hirurotako batek – Carlotak, Albertok edo Wertherrek – hil behar zuela bazekien. Eta beste izaki bati min egiteko ezintasunaz, bere buruaz beste egitea besterik ez du irtenbide.</p>
<p>Lan biek bat egiten dute estrukturan: hiru partetan bananduta daude. Cadalsoren kasuan, gau bakoitza parte bateri dagokio eta gau bakoitza aurrekoa baino laburragoa da. ’Las desventuras del joven Werther’-ren kasuan gauza bera gertatzen da, liburua hiru zatitan bananduta dago. Lehengo liburuan gutunen bidez idatziriko nobela aurkitzen dugu. Bertan, Wertherrek gertatzen hari zaizkion gauza guztien berri ematen dio bere lagun Wilheim-i. Bigarren liburuak gutun forma hartzen du baita, baina kasu honetan Lottek eta Albertok izango dira baita gutun sorten jasotzaileak. Liburuaren azken zatian editoreak hartzen du parte. Editorea azkeneko partean agertzen zaigu nobelari amaiera ematen.</p>
<p>Nobelaren narratzailea, bere bururaz beste egin ostean, argi dago ez dela gai izango istorioa kontatzen amaitzeko. Hau izango da narratzailearen lekua hatuko duena. Azalduko digu Wertherren heriotzaren ostean gertatzen diren gauza guztiak.</p>
<p>Noches lúgubres, lan dialogatua da bakarrizketak, Tediatoren aldetik, tartekatuak dituelarik. Hiru gauak hasten dira Tediatoren bakarrizketarekin eta amaitu egiten dute protagonistaren gogoetekin, Lorenzori erantzuten diotenak hain zuzen. Wether-en kasuan, nobela epistolarrez mozorrotutako egunerokoa aurkitzen dugu. Hamaika eskutitz desberdinen bidez gau eta egun protagonistari gertatzen hari zaizkion gauza guztien berri dugu. Libururaren azken zatian, dena dela, editorearen irudia guztiz beharrezkoa da nobelari amaiera emateko.</p>
<p>&#8220;Noches Lugubres&#8221; eta &#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; lan biek, oso pertsonaia gutxi aurkezten dituzte. Pertsonaia printzipalak gizarte beheko gizarte mailaren barruan aurkituko lirateke. Hurrengo pertsonaiak agertzen dira: Tediato (protagonista): pertsona betiluna da bere emaztea galdu egin duelako eta desiratzen duen gauza bakarra hiltzea da, nahiz eta horretarako gauza nazkagarriak egin behar dituen. Lorenzo (lurperatzailea): zorigaiztoko pertsona da. Bere familiako kide gehienak oso gaixo daude edota hil egin dira. “Justizia”: Pertsonai alegorikoa da. Autoritate taldea errepresentatzen du. Pertsonaia hau goiko maila sozialean kokatuko litzateke eta autoreak modu batean burla egiten dio satirikoki zeren Tediato atxilotzen du inolako frogarik gabe. Kartzela-zaina: Pertsonaia zorrotz eta bihozgabea da. Mehatxuz josten ditu bere hitzak eta bere egoeraz onura ateratzen du. Pertsonaia honetan ere satira erabiltzen du, pertsonaiaren gabetasunak agerian geratuz geure aurrean. Azkenik umea (Lorenzoren semea): Pena ematen duen pertsonaia da. Ezin du bizitza latzagorik eduki.</p>
<p>Goetheren lanean berriz, esan dezakegu hiru pertsonaia nagusi topatzen ditugula. Garrantzitsuena, Werther izango litzateke. Werteher, izaera sentiberatsu eta sutsudun artista gaztea izango da nobela honetako protagonista eta biktima hain zuzen ere. Poliki-poliki eta beharbada konturatu gabe izango gara bere sufrimenduaren partaide eta bere ezbeharraren lekuko. Ondoren Lotte aipatu beharra dago. Lotte izango da, modu batean, sufrimendu honen erruduna edo kausa. Alberton berriz, Wertherren sufrimenduak ez du ia eraginik izango. Wertherren laguna dela esan dezakegu baina euren arteko erlazioa nahiko hotza eta urrutikoa da eta hori izango da hain zuzen ere Albertok ‘irabazle’ egingo duena. Kasu bietan istorioa protagonistetan oinarritzen da.</p>
<p>Bi nobeletan suizidioaren gaia garrantzitsua da oso. Arrazoi guztiz desberdinetatik bada ere, bi protagonistek euren buruaz beste egitea erabakitzen dute. Wertherren kasuan debekaturiko amodioa zoro bihurtzen du. Werther Lottez guztiz maiteminduta dago. Zoritxarrez, Lottek hamaika urte zaharragoa den Alberto izeneko gizonarekin ezkon-hitza emanda du. Honek eragindako minaz ohartuta ere, Wertherrek Carlota eta Albertorekin adiskidetasun estua jorratzen du. Baina barneko suminak Walheimetik alde eginarazi dio, beste herri batera zuzenduz. Dena dela, zenbait hilabete pasa ondoren, Wertherrek Lotteren herrira itzuli eta inoiz ez bezalako sufrimendua pairatzen du Carlota eta Alberto ezkondu direla ikustean. Egunak joanaz Carlotak inoiz ez duela maitatuko ohartzen da, eta gainera neskak, bere senarrarekiko errespetua dela eta, Wertherrek ordura arteko maiztasunaz ezin diola bisitatu behar erabakitzen du. Wertherrek gertaera honetaz jabetzean, hirurotako batek – Carlotak, Albertok edo Wertherrek – hil behar zuela bazekien. Noches Lugubres-en ostera, Tediato protagonista dena, bizirik dago testu osoan zehar baina Wertherren gertatzen den modu berean; bere premia hiltzea da, aipatzen ez duen eta berak maitatzen duen emakumearekin. Emakume hau hilda dago dagoeneko baina Tediatok Lorenzo lurperatzailearen laguntza kontratatzen du emakumea bere hilkutxatik ateratzeko eta biak batera, Tediato eta emakumea, erreta hil egiteko. Tamalez lehenengo bi gauetan ezin du bere plana bete ezusteko batzuk gertatu zitzaizkiolako baina azkeneko gauean zeregina burutzera abiatzen direnean lana amaitu egiten da beraz ezin dugu aitortu bere buruaz beste egiteaz lortzen duen ala ez. Baina inportantea dena da egiteko beharra zuela, eta Wertherren lanean ematen den ideia makabro eta lazgarri bera ematen dela honetan Noches Lugubres-en baita ere.</p>
<p>Hasieran esan dugun bezala heroiaren irudia bi lanetan garrantzitsua da. Werther heroi erromantikoaren irudi bikaina izango litzateke. Lottek eta Albertok ezkonduta daudela jakitean hirurotako batek – Carlotak, Albertok edo Wertherrek – hil behar zuela bazekien gure protagonistak. Beste izaki bati min egiteko ezintasunaz, bere buruaz beste egitea besterik ez du irtenbide. Hartutako erabakia heroi erromantiko baten jarrera argia izango litzateke. Tediatoren kasuan, beharbada, heroi erromantikoaren irudia identifikatzea zailagoa da. Dena dela, kasu honetan ere amodioa edo hobeto esanda bete ezinezko amodioa izango da protagonistari okerreko erabakiak hartzera behartuko duena. Bere emaztea hil ondoren, Tediatok ez du bizitzen jarraitzeko indarrik, gogorik, ezta motibaziorik izango. Egoera honen aurrean protagonistak ez du beste irtenbide bat ikusiko eta bere buruaz beste egitea erabakiko du. Bi kasuetan amodioa izango da bai mugagabea baita suntsitzailea ere eta protagonisten patua berbera izango da, heroi erromantikoen patua aurre epaituta izango balitz bezala.</p>
<p>Azkenik eta konklusio moduan, esateko geratzen zaigun gauza bakarra zera: lehen ikusian guztiz desberdinak diren bi nobela aztertu eta sakondu ostean aman komunean dituzten gauza guztien berri izan dezakegula. Liburu bat irakurtzea ez da pertsonaiak ezagutzea edota laburpen bat egiteko gai izatea. Hori baino askoz sakonagoa den zerbait da. Artikulu honekin; hori, hain zuzen ere, frogatzen saiatu gara. Nobela bat irakurtzean gaiaz gozatu behar dugu eta beste nobelekin antzekotasunak ateratzeko gauza izan behar gara eta modu horretan, gozamen eta asetasun osoa lortu ahal izango dugu. Horrexegatik, jarraian gehitzen dugun hiztegiarekin eta ariketekin lana barneratzea eta erkaketa honetan sakontzea ahalbidetzen dugu.</p>
<p><strong>Hiztegia</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>zertzeko: burutzeko, gauzatzeko, egiteko</li>
<li>makabroa: lazgarria</li>
<li>iradoki: inspiratu</li>
<li>tamalez: zoritxarrez</li>
<li>flirteoan: elkarri konkistatzen</li>
<li>begi-bistakoa: agerikoa</li>
<li>lagatu: utzi</li>
<li>plazaratzean: argitaratzean, ezagutzera ematerakoan.</li>
<li>bakarrizketa: soliloquio</li>
<li>areriotasun: etsaitasun</li>
<li>lazgarri: izugarri, mingarri, latz, erdigarri</li>
<li>eroateko: eramateko</li>
<li>eginkizuna: zeregina, egitekoa, eginbeharra, betebeharra.</li>
<li>kanposantu: hilerri</li>
<li>burutzen: betetzen.</li>
<li>premiagatik: beharragatik, presagatik, beharrizanagatik</li>
<li>oker-ulertze: gaizki-ulertze</li>
<li>suminak: amorruak, furfuriak, haserreak, erneguak</li>
<li>pairatzen: sufritzen, jasaten, eusten</li>
<li>jabetzean: ohartzean, konturatzean</li>
<li>bere buruaz beste egitea: bere burua hiltzea</li>
<li>betiluna: goibel, triste</li>
<li>bihozgabea: gupidagabea, krudela, gaiztoa</li>
<li>gabetasun: gabesia, eskasia</li>
<li>partaide: kide</li>
<li>ezbeharrar: zorigaitz</li>
<li>gogoetekin: burutapenekin, pentsamenduekin, bururakizunekin</li>
<li>sutsudun: amorratu, kementsu,odolbero</li>
<li>hilkutxa: zerraldo,ataute,anda,katabut</li>
<li>ezusteko: ezuste, ustekabeko</li>
<li>aitortu: deklaratu, lekuko egin, testifikatu</li>
<li>patua: zori, destino, azare, ezinbeste, sinu.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galdetegia:</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. </strong>    Zeintzuk dira, Wherter eta Noches Lúgubres lanek, aman komunen dituzten gauzak?</p>
<p><strong>a.</strong> Bi nobelen protagonistek bere buruaz beste egiten dutela, heroiaren irudia bi lanetan agertzen dela gai garrantzitsu gisa eta biak nobela epistolarrak direla.</p>
<p><strong>b.</strong> Bi nobelak erdi-autobiografikoak direla, amaiera makabroa dutela eta amodioa gai garrantzitsu bezala agertzen dela.</p>
<p><strong>c.</strong> Biak gutxi gora behera data berberan idatzi zirela, tragedia ezberdinak inspiratu egin zituztela idazleak eta heroiaren irudia kontzeptu gakoa dela.</p>
<p><strong>2. </strong>     Nola zen Wetherren izaera?</p>
<p><strong>a.</strong> Gazte ausarta eta adoretsua zen istoriaren hasieran eta gero aldatu egin zen.</p>
<p><strong>b.</strong> Gazte arrunta izan zen eta hori ez da azpimarratzekoa istorioan.</p>
<p><strong>c.</strong> Gazte sentiberatsu eta sutsuduna zen hasieratik eta horrek eragin izan zuen istoriaren garapenean.</p>
<p><strong>3.</strong>     Zergatik sufritzen du Tediatok?</p>
<p><strong>a.</strong> Bere emaztea hil dutelako.</p>
<p><strong>b.</strong> Tediatok maite duen emaztea hil egin delako eta bere xedea biak batera hiltzea da zeren bere emakumea barik ezin da bizi.</p>
<p><strong>c.</strong> Berak bere emaztea hil egin duelako eta erruduna sentitzen delako.</p>
<p><strong>4.</strong>       Zertan egiten dute bat &#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; eta &#8220;Noches Lúgubres&#8221; ?</p>
<p><strong>a.</strong> Publikazio datan, autoreen inspirazio iturrietan, estrukturan, gaian eta heroiaren irudian.</p>
<p><strong>b.</strong> Heroiaren irudian eta genero literarioan.</p>
<p><strong>c.</strong> Gaian, giroan eta kontestu kulturalean.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Galderen erantzunak</span>:</p>
<p>1. c</p>
<p>2. c</p>
<p>3. b</p>
<p>4. c </p>
<p><strong>Informazio iturriak:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cervantes virtual webgunea. Begiratuta: 2008-2009ean <a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01048630985699318540035/p0000001.htm#I_0">http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01048630985699318540035/p0000001.htm#I_0_</a></li>
<li>Las cuistas del joven Werther. Wikipedia entziklopedia askea. Begiratuta: 2008-2009ean<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_desventuras_del_joven_Werther">http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_desventuras_del_joven_WertherWerther</a> (euskaraz). Wikipedia entziklopedia askea. Begiratuta: 2008-2009. <a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther">http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther</a></li>
<li>3000 Hiztegia. Begiratuta: 2008-2009ean. <a href="http://www1.euskadi.net/hizt_3000/">http://www1.euskadi.net/hizt_3000/</a></li>
<li>Euskadi.net. Begiratuta: 2008-2009ean. <a href="http://www.euskadi.net/r33-2732/eu/contenidos/informacion/3091/eu_2411/eu_12412.html">http://www.euskadi.net/r33-2732/eu/contenidos/informacion/3091/eu_2411/eu_12412.html</a></li>
<li>Sinimoak. Begiratuta: 2008-2009ean. <a href="http://www1.euskadi.net/hizt_sinon/indice_e.htm">http://www1.euskadi.net/hizt_sinon/indice_e.htm</a></li>
<li>José Cadalso. Wikipedia entziklopedia askea. Begiratuta: 2008-2009. <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso">http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso</a></li>
<li>Noches Lugubres. Wikipedia entziklopedia askea. Begiratuta: 2008-2009. <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noches_lugubres">http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noches_lugubres</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ikus, gainera:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Air de la letre. (bideoa). <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyPZUMRbpM4&amp;eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo%2Egoogle%2Ees%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Dwether%26rls%3Dcom%2Emicrosoft%3Aes%26oe%3DUTF%2D8%26startIndex%3D%26startPage%3D1%26um&amp;feature=player_embedded">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyPZUMRbpM4&amp;eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo%2Egoogle%2Ees%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Dwether%26rls%3Dcom%2Emicrosoft%3Aes%26oe%3DUTF%2D8%26startIndex%3D%26startPage%3D1%26um&amp;feature=player_embedded</a></li>
<li>&#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221; liburua online. <a href="http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:SKeUxECYQqIJ:es.geocities.com/biblio_e_goethe/werther.pdf+las+desventuras+del+joven+werther&amp;cd=2&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=es">http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:SKeUxECYQqIJ:es.geocities.com/biblio_e_goethe/werther.pdf+las+desventuras+del+joven+werther&amp;cd=2&amp;hl=es&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=es</a></li>
<li>Biblioteca virtual Miguel de Cervantes. &#8220;Noches lúgubres&#8221; liburua online. <a href="http://www.alcudiavirtual.ua.es/servlet/SirveObras/public/02472741989136163198835/index.htm">http://www.alcudiavirtual.ua.es/servlet/SirveObras/public/02472741989136163198835/index.htm</a></li>
<li>&#8220;Las desventuras del joven Werther&#8221;-ri buruzko artikulu bat. <a href="http://usuarios.lycos.es/lacasadelosmalfenti/apdf/an3/goethe.pdf">http://usuarios.lycos.es/lacasadelosmalfenti/apdf/an3/goethe.pdf</a></li>
</ul>
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		<description><![CDATA[Machine translation (MT): is the application of computers to the task of translating texts from one natural language to another. One of the very earliest pursuits in computer science, MT has proved to be an elusive goal, but today a number of systems are available which produce output which, if not perfect, is of sufficient [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=73&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><span style="font-size:medium;"><strong><a href="http://www.macalester.edu/courses/russ65/definiti.htm">Machine translation (MT)</a></strong></span></em>: is the application of computers to the task of translating texts from one natural language to another. One of the very earliest pursuits in computer science, MT has proved to be an elusive goal, but today a number of systems are available which produce output which, if not perfect, is of sufficient quality to be useful for certain specific applications, usually in the domain of technical documentation. In addition, translation software packages which are designed primarily to assist the human translator in the production of translations are enjoying increasingly popularity within professional translation organizations.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg/300px-Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg.png" alt="" width="300" height="227" /></p>
<p>At its basic level, <a title="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation">MT</a> performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another. Using corpus techniques, more complex translations may be attempted, allowing for better handling of differences in linguistic typology, phrase recognition, and translation of idioms, as well as the isolation of anomalies.</p>
<p>Improved output quality can also be achieved by human intervention: for example, some systems are able to translate more accurately if the user has unambiguously identified which words in the text are names. With the assistance of these techniques, MT has proven useful as a tool to assist human translators, and in some cases can even produce output that can be used &#8220;as is&#8221;. However, current systems are unable to produce output of the same quality as a human translator, particularly where the text to be translated uses casual language.</p>
<h3>Online automatic translators</h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="external" title="http://www.opentrad.org/demo/" href="http://www.opentrad.org/demo/">http://www.opentrad.org/demo/</a> (OpenTrad?)</li>
<li><a class="external" title="http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html" href="http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html">http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html</a> (Systran, ATS)</li>
<li><a class="external" title="http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp" href="http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp">http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp</a> (Reverso &#8211; ProMT?)</li>
<li><a class="external" title="http://www.translendium.net:8080/home/" href="http://www.translendium.net:8080/home/">http://www.translendium.net:8080/home/</a> (Translendium &#8211; Metal)</li>
<li><a class="external" title="http://www.freetranslation.com/" href="http://www.freetranslation.com/">http://www.freetranslation.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>Information Sources:</p>
<ul>
<li>Machine translation. (2008, May 5). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_translation&amp;oldid=210281881">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine_translation&amp;oldid=210281881</a></li>
<li>Definition of Machine Translation. Retrieved 23:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://www.macalester.edu/courses/russ65/definiti.htm">http://www.macalester.edu/courses/russ65/definiti.htm</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Literatura Europarra XVIII,XIX eta XX. mendeetan</media:title>
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		<title>Does the TV have influence on us?</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/does-the-tv-have-influence-on-us/</link>
		<comments>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/does-the-tv-have-influence-on-us/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2008 22:54:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Nowadays, there is not a lot of communication among people, we do not give importance to spend a while having a chat with our family. We live stressed out and when we have time, spending it with family does not seem very amusing.   TV really grips some people. I think almost everyone has felt [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=71&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;">Nowadays, there is not a lot of communication among people, we do not give importance to spend a while having a chat with our family. We live stressed out and when we have time, spending it with family does not seem very amusing.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p><img src="http://gonzo22.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/old-skool-tv-set.jpg?w=149&#038;h=224" alt="" width="149" height="224" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;">TV really grips some people. I think almost everyone has felt the impossibility of giving up watching a determinated soap opera or programme because they look so interesting that it finally becomes part of your daily life. Indeed, there are people who give up other tasks or plans like going out somewhere with friends just because they cannot miss a chapter of the programme. That is when we ought to ask ourselves where the line between addiction and entertainment is. A person must know that he or she is able to live without TV and that it is possible to spend their time doing other things.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;">Children before, used to play more hide-and-seek or table games but now they prefer videogames, TV, computer…Some children isolate themselves, they do not have friends, they drop themselves out of the society around them. In my opinion, parents should be harder on this subject, they should not let kids spend so many hours in front of the screen nor they should not buy children the latest stuff, parents must teach their sons and daughters other important values. Most of the times, parents do not care what kids are looking at on TV and it is usually not very appropiate.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0.25in;line-height:150%;margin:0;"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span>      </span>However, I think that TV each day is worse. Soap operas are boring, they do not attract people and in short time they stop broadcasting them. Moreover, there are a lot of gossip programmes, which I really think they are junk. Publicists and scriptwriters should bet more on good fiction; it would be a good idea to emit more free films.</span></span></p>
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		<title>Translation between closely related languages (Q3)</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/translation-between-closely-related-languages/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2008 22:32:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language technology]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[This article will show us how a translator; in this case, the translator of the &#8220;instituto cervantes&#8220;; can translate close languages such as French and Portugues into Spanish, which all of them are Romance languages. I have picked up a fragment of an article published on wikipedia. The topic is: &#8220;inconsciente&#8221; L&#8217;inconscient est un concept utilisé [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=70&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article will show us how a translator; in this case, the translator of the &#8220;<a title="Instituto Cervantes" href="http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html">instituto cervantes</a>&#8220;; can translate close languages such as French and Portugues into Spanish, which all of them are Romance languages.</p>
<p>I have picked up a fragment of an <a title="inconscient" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsciente">article published on wikipedia</a>. The topic is: &#8220;inconsciente&#8221;</p>
<p><em>L&#8217;inconscient est un concept utilisé par Sigmund Freud dans sa théorie psychanalytique.<br />
Avant lui, ce concept était déjà utilisé dans un sens voisin par des philosophes comme Nietzsche et Hartmann. Il avait déjà été perçu par Leibniz au XVIIe siècle. L&#8217;inconscient pour Freud regroupe toutes les énergies ou tensions qui ne peuvent apparaître à la surface car elles vont à l&#8217;encontre des mœurs. Cette idée sera critiquée par Jean Paul Sartre, qui pensait que l&#8217;inconscient est un moyen pour l&#8217;homme de se donner bonne conscience.<br />
</em> </p>
<p><span class="texte"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Instituto Cervantes&#8217; translation (French into Spanish):</span></span></p>
<p><span class="texte"><em>El inconsciente es un concepto utilizado por Sigmund Freud en su teoría psicoanalítica.<br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">Antes él</span>, algunos filósofos y Hartmann ya utilizaban este concepto en un sentido vecino como Nietzsche. Ya fue percibido por Leibniz al XVIIe siglo. El inconsciente para Freud agrupa todas las energías o tensiones que no pueden aparecer a la superficie ya que van contra los <span style="color:#ff0000;">m?urs</span>. <span style="color:#ff0000;">Jean</span> esta idea será criticada por Paul Sartre, que pensaba que el inconsciente es un medio para el hombre de darse buena conciencia.</em></span></p>
<p>As we can see, we translation is quite good, it has completely sense, but we find some mistakes:</p>
<p>An example of a literary translation, &#8220;avant lui&#8221; is translated as &#8220;antes él&#8221; but it should be translated as &#8220;antes de él&#8221;. We also realize about the problem in the vocabulary. The translator has not been able to find a word to &#8220;mœurs&#8221; which is &#8220;habits&#8221; and instead of that it has put &#8220;m?urs&#8221; and also translates &#8220;cette&#8221; as &#8220;Jean&#8221; but it has nothing to do, and it should be translated as &#8220;estas&#8221;. Despite grammar, we can definetely say that it is perfect, at least in this example.</p>
<p>Now, let&#8217;s go through an example of a fragment in portugues on the same topic:</p>
<p><em>O inconsciente define um complexo psíquico (conjunto de fatos e processos psíquicos) de natureza praticamente insondável, misteriosa, obscura, de onde brotariam as paixões, o medo, a criatividade e a própria vida e morte (vide Jung).</em></p>
<p><em>O conceito de inconsciente de Jung se contrapõe ao conceito de subconsciente ou pré-consciente de Freud. O pré-consciente seria o conjunto de processos psíquicos latentes, prontos a emergirem para se tornarem objetos da consciência. Assim, o subconsciente pode ser explicado pelos conteúdos que fossem aptos a se tornarem conscientes (determinismo psíquico). Já o inconsciente seria uma esfera ainda mais profunda e insondável. Haveria níveis no inconsciente mesmo inatingíveis.</em></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Instituto Cervantes&#8217; translation (Portugues into Spanish):</span></p>
<p><span class="texte"><em>El inconsciente define un complejo psíquico (conjunto de hechos y procesos psíquicos) de naturaleza prácticamente insondable, misteriosa, <span style="color:#ff0000;">obscura</span>, de donde brotarían las pasiones, el miedo, la creatividad y la propia vida y muerte (<span style="color:#000000;">vid </span>Jung).</em><br />
</span></p>
<p><em>El concepto de inconsciente de Jung se contrapone al concepto de subconsciente o pre-consciente de Freud. El pre-consciente sería el conjunto de procesos psíquicos latentes, listos la emerjan <span style="color:#ff0000;">para se vuelvan </span>objetos de la consciencia. Así, el subconsciente puede ser explicado por los contenidos que fuesen aptos <span style="color:#ff0000;">a se vuelvan </span>conscientes (determinismo psíquico). Ya el inconsciente sería una esfera todavía más profunda e insondable. Habría niveles en el inconsciente mismo inasequibles.</em></p>
<p>As we see this example of translation is even better, it is completely understandable. Although we find very little mistakes, they do not interfere in the comprenhension of the fragment.</p>
<p>Once more, we find problems in the <strong>vocabulary</strong>: the word <em>&#8220;obscura&#8221;</em> is translated in the same way while it is supposed to be <em>&#8220;oscura&#8221;</em> though it is not very important error, we should point it ut. We also find again the <strong>literary translation:</strong> &#8220;<em>para se tornarem&#8221;  </em>is translated as &#8220;<em>para se vuelvan&#8221; </em>while it should be &#8220;para que se vuelvan&#8221;. However, as said before, the text has full sense.</p>
<p>Information sources:</p>
<ul>
<li>Inconsciente. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsciente">http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsciente</a></li>
<li>Inconscient. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsciente">http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsciente</a></li>
<li>Wordreference (Dictionary). Retrieved 22:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://www.wordreference.com/">http://www.wordreference.com/</a></li>
<li>Instituto Cervantes (Servicio de traducción automática interactivo). Retrieved 22:00, June 18, 2008, from <a href="http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html">http://oesi.cervantes.es/traduccionAutomatica.html</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Translation between less related languages (Q3)</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/translation-between-less-related-languages-q3/</link>
		<comments>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/19/translation-between-less-related-languages-q3/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2008 20:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language technology]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[This article will show us the difficulties that the translators have to translate English into Spanish, which are two languages that are not close related, they are quite different. The first one is a Germanic language while the second one is Romance. I have picked up a piece of an english song (Rihanna &#8211; Unfaithful) and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=68&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article will show us the difficulties that the translators have to translate English into Spanish, which are two languages that are not close related, they are quite different. The first one is a Germanic language while the second one is Romance.</p>
<p>I have picked up a piece of an english song (Rihanna &#8211; Unfaithful) and translated to Spanish with the &#8220;<a title="reverso" href="http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp">Reverso</a>&#8221; translator; so lets see the result:</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/rihanna/unfaithful.html">original english version</a>:</p>
<p><em>Story of my life<br />
Searching for the right<br />
But it keeps avoiding me<br />
Sorrow in my soul<br />
Cause it seems that wrong<br />
Really loves my company</em></p>
<p><em>He&#8217;s more than a man<br />
And this is more than love<br />
The reason that the sky is blue<br />
The clouds are rolling in<br />
Because I&#8217;m gone again<br />
And to him I just can&#8217;t be true</em></p>
<p><a title="reverso" href="http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp">Reverso</a>&#8216;s translation:</p>
<p><em>La historia de mi vida que<br />
Busca el derecho<br />
Pero esto sigue evitándome el<br />
Dolor en mi<br />
Causa de alma parece a lo que mal<br />
Realmente gusta mi empresa</em></p>
<p><em>Él es más que un hombre<br />
y esto es más que el amor<br />
la razón que el cielo es azul<br />
las nubes entran a raudales<br />
como soy ido otra vez<br />
y a él solamente(justo) no puedo ser verdadero</em></p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.letrasymas.com/letra.php?p=rihanna-unfaithful-(traduccion)">real tranlation</a> (supported by &#8220;letrasymas&#8221; webpage and by me, i corroborate it):</p>
<p><em>la historia de mi vida<br />
ha sido buscar lo adecuado<br />
y no he podido encontrarlo<br />
hay dolor en mi alma<br />
porque parezco estar tan equivocada<br />
y el verdadero amor me acompaña</em></p>
<p><em>el es mas que un hombre<br />
y esto es mas que amor<br />
es la razon por la que el cielo es azul<br />
pero la nubes se acercan<br />
porque me ire de nuevo<br />
y no puedo ser honesta con el</em></p>
<p>First of all, we must point out that the translators, not only Reverso, but all of them, translating English into Spanish, make a <strong>mechanic translation</strong> what means that it translates word by word, as we can see in the case of: &#8221; <em>really loves my company</em>&#8221; translated as &#8220;<em>Realmente gusta mi empresa</em>&#8220;. This, does not have a meaning and it is translated word by word avoiding other meanings that a word can have like happens in the case of &#8220;<em>company</em>&#8220;; it does not only mean &#8220;<em>empresa</em>&#8221; also means &#8220;<em>compañía</em>&#8220;.</p>
<p>Moreover, it keeps the <strong>order</strong> of the words in the same way that English does which could drive us to a misunderstanding so we find not only vocabulary errors, but grammar errors too. So we can say that Reverso provides a <strong>literary translation</strong>.</p>
<p>We also realize about the fact that Reverso translates everything in a polite way, using &#8221;<strong>usted</strong>&#8221; instead of &#8220;you&#8221;. However, this is not the correct choice.</p>
<p>All in all, generally, not only through this example we can see that the translation is quite worse. There are wrong words, wrong tenses wrong expressions, wrong order and even words that haven&#8217;t been translated; so we can say now, that it is not quite good translation to take as enough.</p>
<p>Information sources:</p>
<ul>
<li>Letrasymas. Retrieved 20:20, June 19, 2008, from <a href="http://www.letrasymas.com/letra.php?p=rihanna-unfaithful-(traduccion">http://www.letrasymas.com/letra.php?p=rihanna-unfaithful-(traduccion</a>)</li>
<li>Azlyrics. Retrieved 20:25, June 19, 2008, from <a href="http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/rihanna/unfaithful.html">http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/rihanna/unfaithful.html</a></li>
<li>Reverso (translator). Retrieved 20:20, June 19, 2008, from <a href="http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp">http://elmundo.reverso.net/textonly/default.asp</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Literatura Europarra XVIII,XIX eta XX. mendeetan</media:title>
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		<title>-Nelson Mandela-</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/nelson-mandela/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jun 2008 20:43:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Nelson Mandela politikari hegoafrikarra, 1918ko uztailaren 18an jaio zen Mvezo herrixkan. Xosa tribu bateko nagusia izateko oinordetzako eskubideari uko eginez, abokatu bihurtu zen 1942an. Bizitza osoa bere nazioko sistema arrazistaren kontra eman zuen, ideologia nazionalista, antiarrazista eta antimperislistakoa zen eta horregatik bizitza osorako kartzela-zigorra ezarri zioten 1964an. Hogeita zazpi urte kartzelan egin ostean aske utzi [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=66&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nelson Mandela politikari hegoafrikarra, 1918ko uztailaren 18an jaio zen Mvezo herrixkan. Xosa tribu bateko nagusia izateko oinordetzako eskubideari uko eginez, abokatu bihurtu zen 1942an. Bizitza osoa bere nazioko sistema arrazistaren kontra eman zuen, ideologia nazionalista, antiarrazista eta antimperislistakoa zen eta horregatik bizitza osorako kartzela-zigorra ezarri zioten 1964an. Hogeita zazpi urte kartzelan egin ostean aske utzi zuten 1990ean, Hegoafrikan sistema demokratikoa ezartzeko negoziazioei hasiera emateko lehen urrats gisa. 1994ko hauteskundean garaipen nabarmena lortu zuen, Errepublikako lehendakari izatera eraman zuena. 1999an utzi zuen agintea.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.aldeaeducativa.com/images/mandela01.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="191" /><br />
Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi bezala, apartheid-aren kontrako borrokaren sinbolotzat hartu izan da. Modu berean, gizaki beltzaranen askatasun ezaren aldarrikapenaren eredutzat ere.</p>
<p>Berari buruz esan da, agerrera oso ona zuela eta izugarri gizon lasaia zela. Bestalde, neskazale izatea egotzi zaio. Egia esanda, ez dut uste hori oso garrantzitsua denik. Honen moduko gauzak esan dutenek, Mandelaren lorpenei garrantzia kendu nahi diete. Halaber, hain agerian dago bere ekintzen pisua eta gizartean izan duen inportantzia ezen bere bizitza pertsonalak oihartzun handiagorik ez duela sortu.</p>
<p>Orain dela 8 urte erretiratu zen Mandela jauna arrazakeriaren arazoari soluzio bat aurkituta Hego Afrikan. 27 urtez gatibu politikorik famatuena izan da. Geroztik, ospeak jarraitu dio Bakearen Nobel Saria irabazi duelako eta Hego Afrikako buru izatera heldu zuelako. Niretzako Mandelaren gauzarik onena, zabaldu zuen mezua mundu osoan zehar da. Gizakiaren bere sufrimentu pertsonaletik urrunago begiratzeko gaitasuna, alegia. Mendeku intentziorik gabeko gizona, herri baterako demokrazia, justizia, arrazen arteko berdintasuna eta konponbidea bilatzen saiatu zen; biolentziarik gabe. Eskua ematen jakin izan zuen jende zuriari, espetxeratu zuten jende zuri berari. Bere herria trantsiziora gidatu zuen eta herri barneko bateratasuna lortu zuen.</p>
<p>Bere printzipio eta ideiengatik bizi izan du eta horiengatik bere bizitza emango zuela aitortu zuen, eta hala, heriotzara eramango zion hitzaldia bota zuen. Alabaina, bere hitzaldia hain ona izan zen ezen jendea negarrez hasi zen.<br />
 </p>
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		<title>List of the topics on the Human Language Technologies (Q2)</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/04/30/list-of-the-topics-on-the-human-language-technologies-q2/</link>
		<comments>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/04/30/list-of-the-topics-on-the-human-language-technologies-q2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2008 10:15:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language technology]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[I have retrieved some of the topics that have been developed on the field of Human Language Technologies. First of all, I will point out the topics which I have retrieved in National Centre for Language Technologies: Machine translation Corpus Linguistics Endangered Languages Language Evolution Formal Semantics Terminology    The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group: Multilingual NLP Unsupervised [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=63&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have retrieved some of the topics that have been developed on the field of Human Language Technologies.</p>
<p>First of all, I will point out the topics which I have retrieved in <a href="http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/research.html">National Centre for Language Technologies</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Machine translation</li>
<li>Corpus Linguistics</li>
<li>Endangered Languages</li>
<li>Language Evolution</li>
<li>Formal Semantics</li>
<li>Terminology</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://nlp.stanford.edu/research.shtml"> The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Multilingual NLP</li>
<li>Unsupervised Induction of Linguistic Structure</li>
<li>Computational Semantics</li>
<li>Parsing and tagging</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>I will keep on with the research projects on the <a href="http://www.dfki.de/lt/projects.php">German Research Centre for artificial Intelligence</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>exploiting &#8211; and automatically extending &#8211; ontologies for content processing</li>
<li>tighter integration of shallow and deep techniques in processing</li>
<li>enriching deep processing with statistical methods</li>
<li>combining language checking with structuring tools in document authoring</li>
<li>document indexing for German and English</li>
<li>automatically associating recognized information with related information and thus building up collective knowledge</li>
<li>automatically structuring and visualizing extracted information</li>
<li>processing information encoded in multiple languages, among them Chinese and Japanese</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> In order to end up, I will show the Linguistic resources and processes found in <a href="http://www.ofai.at/research/nlu/research.html">Austrian Research Institute </a>for Artificial Intelligence:</p>
<ul>
<li>Typed unification-based grammar formalisms </li>
<li>Development of a HPSG-based grammar for German </li>
<li>Natural Language Generation </li>
<li>Speech Synthesis </li>
<li>Computational Morphology </li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>Sources:</p>
<ul>
<li>National Centre for Language Technology, Ireland (2007, October 16). Retrieved 12:05, April 30, 2008, from <a href="http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/research.html">http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/research.html</a></li>
<li>German Research Centre for artificial Intelligence/Projects. (2008). Retrieved 12:10, April 30, 2008, from <a href="http://www.dfki.de/lt/projects.php">http://www.dfki.de/lt/projects.php</a></li>
<li>Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (OFAI) Language Technology Group. Retrieved 12:10, April 30, 2008, from <a href="http://www.ofai.at/research/nlu/research.html">http://www.ofai.at/research/nlu/research.html</a></li>
<li> The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group. Retrieved 12:15, April 30, 2008, from <a href="http://nlp.stanford.edu/index.shtml">http://nlp.stanford.edu/index.shtml</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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		<title>Characteristics of a translation task according to the FEMTI report (Q3)</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/04/23/characteristics-of-a-translation-task-according-to-the-femti-report-q3/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 10:43:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language technology]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[First of all, we must understand the concept of FEMTI. What does FEMTI mean? It means The Framework for Machine Translation Evaluation in ISLE. It is a resource that helps MT evaluators define contextual evaluation plans. FEMTI consists of two interrelated classifications or taxonomies: the first one lists possible characteristics of the contexts of use that [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=58&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>First of all, we must understand the concept of FEMTI.</p>
<p>What does FEMTI mean? It means The Framework for Machine Translation Evaluation in ISLE. It is a resource that helps MT evaluators define contextual evaluation plans. FEMTI consists of two interrelated classifications or taxonomies: the first one lists possible characteristics of the contexts of use that are applicable to MT systems. The second one lists the possible characteristics of an MT system, along with the metrics that were proposed to measure them.</p>
<p>The characteristics of a translation task:</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Assimilation</span>: “The ultimate purpose of the assimilation task (of which translation forms a part) is to monitor a (relatively) large volume of texts produced by people outside the organization, in (usually) several languages.”</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Dissemination</span>:  “The ultimate purpose of dissemination is to deliver to others a translation of documents produced inside the organization.”</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Communication</span>: “The ultimate purpose of the communication task is to support multi-turn dialogues between people who speak different languages. The translation quality must be high enough for painless conversation, despite possible syntactically ill-formed input and idiosyncratic word and format usage. The ultimate purpose of dissemination is to deliver to others a translation of documents produced inside the organization.”</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> Information Sources:</p>
<ul>
<li> Fempti. A Framework for the evaluation of Machine Translation in Isle. (2002). Retrieved 12:05, April 23, 2008, from <a href="http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/mteval/">http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/mteval/</a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Literatura Europarra XVIII,XIX eta XX. mendeetan</media:title>
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		<title>European research centres (Q1)</title>
		<link>http://ian89.wordpress.com/2008/04/21/european-research-centres/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 11:46:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ian89</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language technology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[HLT0708]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[littera]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[In the top of learning what human language technologies mean and suppose, we must realize about the Eropean centres that are on the net. I have retrieved three different centres. The first one, is the National Centre for Language Technology. This Irish centre conducts research into the processing of human language by computers, such as speech recognition and synthesis, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=ian89.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1850026&amp;post=57&amp;subd=ian89&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the top of learning what human language technologies mean and suppose, we must realize about the Eropean centres that are on the net. I have retrieved three different centres.</p>
<p>The first one, is the <strong><a title="National Centre for Language Technology" href="http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/">National Centre for Language Technology</a></strong>. This Irish centre conducts research into the processing of human language by computers, such as speech recognition and synthesis, machine translation, human-computer interfaces, information retrieval and extraction, the teaching and learning of languages using computers and software localisation and globalisation. Research in Human Language Technology (HLT) is interdisciplinary and includes Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computational Linguistics (CL). HLT has substantial economic implications and potential. The centre carries out basic research and develops applications.</p>
<p> Secondly, I go straight to <a title="Human Communication Research Centre" href="http://www.nectec.or.th/2007/r-d/hlt.html"><strong>Human Communication Research Centre</strong> </a>which comes from the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. HCRC brings together theories and methods from several formal and experimental disciplines to understand better how people can  process vast quantities of information. They focus on spoken and written language; we also study communication in other media — visual, graphical and computer-based.</p>
<p>Finally, I have found <a title="Edinburgh Language Technology Group" href="http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/"><strong>Edinburgh Language Technology Group</strong> </a>(LTG). It is a research and development group that has been working in the area of natural language engineering since the early 1990s. The LTG focuses on building practical solutions to real problems in text processing. They have worked in all areas of large-volume text handling, from text annotation through markup architectures and from information extraction to automatic or computer-assisted generation of text.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sources:</p>
<ul>
<li>National Centre for Language Technology, Ireland (2007, October 16). Retrieved 13:15, April 21, 2008, from <a href="http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/">http://www.computing.dcu.ie/research/nclt/</a></li>
<li>Human Communication Research Centre, Glasgow. Retrieved 13:20, April 21, 2008, from <a href="http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/">http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/</a></li>
<li>Edinburgh Language Technology Group (Scotland, UK). (2006, June 30). Retrieved 13:35, April 21, 2008, from <a href="http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/">http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/</a></li>
</ul>
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